A 3-year-old child with recurrent croup presents for adenotonsillectomy. The child has a history of difficult intubation during previous anesthesia.…
A 68-year-old male with ischemic heart disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. He has a…
Xenon is an anesthetic agent that stands out for its unique properties. This noble gas has gained attention in recent…
Pharmacodynamics examines how nitrous oxide exerts its effects on the body. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for anesthesia trainees to…
Nitrous oxide (NāO) is frequently encountered in today's clinical practice. This colorless, non-flammable gas has a fascinating history and remains…
TIVA uses IV agents (propofol + remifentanil) for anesthesia without inhalational gases. Regimens: Propofol (TCI 2ā6 mcg/mL or 100ā200 mcg/kg/min)…
IV induction agents rapidly induce unconsciousness. Propofol is first-line for stable patients (antiemetic, rapid recovery). Etomidate is hemodynamically neutral for…
Etomidate/ketamine for hemodynamic instability (e.g., septic shock). Propofol for raised ICP. Ketamine for bronchospasm. Adjuncts like opioids blunt intubation response;…
Fospropofol (less pain), ABP-700 (no adrenal suppression), and remimazolam (rapid recovery) aim to overcome limitations of currently used anesthetic agents.…
IV induction rapidly induces unconsciousness (15ā60 sec) via intravenous drugs, enabling airway management. Preferred for speed, predictability, and patient comfort,…
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