Xenon is an anesthetic agent that stands out for its unique properties. This noble gas has gained attention in recent…
Pharmacodynamics examines how nitrous oxide exerts its effects on the body. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for anesthesia trainees to…
Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is frequently encountered in today's clinical practice. This colorless, non-flammable gas has a fascinating history and remains…
TIVA uses IV agents (propofol + remifentanil) for anesthesia without inhalational gases. Regimens: Propofol (TCI 2–6 mcg/mL or 100–200 mcg/kg/min)…
Atracurium is an intermediate-acting, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker. Hofmann elimination (independent of renal/hepatic function). Causes histamine release (risk of hypotension/tachycardia). Dose:…
Isoflurane is a potent, reliable inhalational anesthetic (MAC ~1.2%) with moderate blood solubility (λB:G 1.4). Known for cardiovascular stability and…
Desflurane is a potent inhalational anesthetic prized for its rapid emergence due to low blood solubility (MAC 6-7%). Ideal for…
Sevoflurane is a potent, non-pungent inhalational anesthetic (MAC ~2%) with low blood solubility (λB:G 0.65). Ideal for smooth inhalational induction…
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