Pharmacology

Pharmacology in Anesthesia

Nitrous Oxide

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is frequently encountered in today's clinical practice. This colorless, non-flammable gas has a fascinating history and remains…

1 day ago

Propofol

If there’s one drug you need to know inside and out, it’s this one - Propofol. It’s in every OR,…

2 days ago

Xenon: The Noble Anesthetic Agent

Xenon is an anesthetic agent that stands out for its unique properties. This noble gas has gained attention in recent…

2 weeks ago

TIVA – Total Intravenous Anesthesia

TIVA uses IV agents (propofol + remifentanil) for anesthesia without inhalational gases. Regimens: Propofol (TCI 2–6 mcg/mL or 100–200 mcg/kg/min)…

3 weeks ago

Atracurium

Atracurium is an intermediate-acting, non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker. Hofmann elimination (independent of renal/hepatic function). Causes histamine release (risk of hypotension/tachycardia). Dose:…

1 month ago

Isoflurane

Isoflurane is a potent, reliable inhalational anesthetic (MAC ~1.2%) with moderate blood solubility (λB:G 1.4). Known for cardiovascular stability and…

1 month ago

Desflurane

Desflurane is a potent inhalational anesthetic prized for its rapid emergence due to low blood solubility (MAC 6-7%). Ideal for…

1 month ago

Sevoflurane

Sevoflurane is a potent, non-pungent inhalational anesthetic (MAC ~2%) with low blood solubility (λB:G 0.65). Ideal for smooth inhalational induction…

1 month ago

Midazolam

Midazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine used for preoperative sedation, anxiolysis, and amnesia. Rapid IV onset (1-2 min), metabolized hepatically. Causes…

1 month ago

Etomidate

Etomidate is a rapid-onset IV hypnotic for induction (0.2-0.3 mg/kg). Cardiovascularly stable (minimal hemodynamic effects). Causes myoclonus and adrenal suppression…

8 months ago

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