Perioperative Anaphylaxis Grading System
The Perioperative Anaphylaxis Grading System (Ring and Messmer) classifies reactions from Grade I (cutaneous only) to Grade IV (cardiac arrest). It guides management: adrenaline is first‑line for Grades II–IV, with fluids and airway support escalating by grade. Essential for rapid recognition, treatment, and post‑event allergy investigation.
